Ethyl carbamate formation regulated by ornithine transcarbamylase and urea metabolism in the processing of Chinese yellow rice wine

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a potential carcinogenic compound present in most of the fermented foods. In this work, EC was inhibited through different strategies during vinification of Chinese yellow rice wine. EC can be inhibited by the use of ornithine in contrast to the control at peak point. However, the utilisation of urease resulted in little inhibitive effect on EC. The comparative data of intracellular ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) and arginine deiminase (ADI) among four experiments showed that EC was positively regulated by intracellular OTCase, but ADI was not determined. Extracellular urea and citrulline content was significantly increased by adding ornithine (P < 0.05), whereas ethanol played a minor role in EC formation. The correlation analysis between EC and OTCase or urea revealed a linear association (correlation coefficients above 0.8). These findings suggested that OTCase may be a required factor regulating EC formation during the brewing of Chinese yellow rice wine.     

Determination of azinphos-methyl and parathion-methyl in honey by stripping voltammetry

An electrochemical method for the determination of azinphos-methyl and parathion-methyl in honey is presented. The determination is established by adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry at hanging mercury working electrode.In contrast to the chromatographic methods for the determination of pesticide residues, the sample preparation of the proposed method is minimal; analytes were extracted from honey samples with a mixture of (acetone):(Britton-Robinson buffer) and then were analyzed without any additional pretreatment.The response of the analytes either individually or as a mixture was studied for a series of deposition time and molar ratio. Two quantitation protocols were compared, using either the external calibration or the standard addition method. Accuracy was tested with spiked honey samples obtaining good recovery values. The limit of detection for the honey sample (for deposition time of 10 s) was calculated 51.71 μg kg⁻¹ for MeP and 65.87 μg kg⁻¹ for AzMet.     

Evaluation of the effect of ammonium carbamate on the stability of proteins

BACKGROUND: The use of the volatile salt ammonium carbamate in protein downstream processing has recently been proposed. The main advantage of using volatile salts is that they can be removed from precipitates and liquid effluents through pressure reduction or temperature increase. Although previous studies showed that ammonium carbamate is efficient as a precipitant agent, there was evidence of denaturation in some enzymes. In this work, the effect of ammonium carbamate on the stability of five enzymes was evaluated. RESULTS: Activity assays showed that α‐amylase (1,4‐α–D‐glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1), lysozyme (1,4‐β‐N‐acetylmuramoylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17) and lipase (triacyl glycerol acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) did not undergo activity loss in ammonium carbamate solutions with concentrations from 1.0 to 5.0 mol kg^?1, whereas cellulase complex (1,4‐(1,3:14)‐β‐D‐glucan 4‐glucano‐hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4) and peroxidase (hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) showed an average activity loss of 55% and 44%, respectively. Precipitation assays did not show enzyme denaturation or phase separation for α‐amylase and lipase, while celullase and peroxidase precipitated with some activity reduction. Analysis of similar experiments with ammonium and sodium sulfate did not affect the activity of enzymes. CONCLUSION: Celullase and peroxidase were denatured by ammonium carbamate. While more systematic studies are not available, care must be taken in designing a protein precipitation with this salt. The results suggest that the generally accepted idea that salts that denature proteins tend to solubilize them does not hold for ammonium carbamate. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Edible Oils by Dispersive Microextraction Based on Acetonitrile/Water-coated Fe3O4

In the present work, a novel dispersive microextraction technique based on acetonitrile/water-coated Fe₃O₄ was proposed to determine the organophosphorus pesticides (OPP) including phorate, diazinon, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos in edible oils. In the method, acetonitrile coated bare Fe₃O₄ was used as the extractant, Fe₃O₄ served as the supporter of acetonitrile, a trace amount of water acted as a crosslinking agent between acetonitrile and bare Fe₃O₄. The analytes adsorbed A/W-Fe₃O₄ can be easily collected and isolated from the sample solution using a magnet before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Several dominant parameters affecting extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection and limits of quantification for the five OPP were 1.1–6.7 and 4.8–18.3 ng/g, respectively. The recoveries in spiked real oil samples were in the range of 63.8–102.7 % with RSD between 4.9 and 14.3 %. The proposed simple, rapid and solvent-saving method was successfully applied to detect OPP in edible oils.     

Pesticides in rain and roof runoff waters from an urban region

The levels of organonitrogen, organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were monitored in rain and roof runoff waters in Gdańsk (Poland) over a period of 6 months (October 2000 – March 2001). Buildings included in the study were of different ages, and covered with a variety of roofing materials. Samples were collected during the precipitation events. Pesticides were determined by gas chromatography combined with NPD and ECD detection. Bromofos, heptachlor epoxide and o,p′-DDE were detected the most often in the samples collected. In general, pesticide concentrations were higher in roof runoff than in rainwater. The type of the roofing material had a significant effect on the pesticide levels in runoff waters. The highest analyte levels were recorded in October and November, when the temperature was the highest.     

Pollutant concentrations and fluxes in both stormwater and wastewater at the outlet of two urban watersheds in Nantes (France)

A two-year study of pollutants in both the stormwater and wastewater of urban watersheds has been conducted in Nantes (France). The present paper discusses the characteristics of pollutants transported by stormwater and wastewater collection networks in two urban watersheds. A physicochemical characterisation of the effluents was performed, along with an estimation of pollutant fluxes discharged into the Gohards River. Suspended solids (SS), trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides were studied. SS, Zn, Cu and glyphosate were the main pollutants in stormwater and wastewater. In the watersheds examined, the pyrolitic origin of PAHs (mainly from traffic) was determined through ratios, with fluoranthene and pyrene being predominant. Despite a reduction in the use of pesticides in Nantes Metropolitan area, herbicides containing glyphosate were still detected in stormwater. It should be noted that this herbicide is widely used by homeowners, a fact that may explain its occurrence in stormwater.     

羰基化法合成氨基甲酸酯催化剂的研究进展

对氧化羰基化法、还原羰基化法及氧化还原羰基化法3种羰基化合成氨基甲酸酯方法中催化剂的研究进展进行了综述,其中着重讨论了各种配体及助剂对催化剂活性的影响。指出今后的研究应集中在寻找高效、价廉及可重复使用的催化体系或对高效的均相催化体系进行负载化以及研究多相催化体系的催化机理。     

蔗渣纤维素氨基甲酸酯的合成

使用平均聚合度为548的蔗渣浆粕和尿素为原料,在二甲苯溶剂中,探讨各种工艺条件对产物氮含量的影响,制备了溶解性和稳定性较好的蔗渣纤维素氨基甲酸酯。产物用红外光谱和热重曲线进行结构和热性质分析,结果表明,蔗渣纤维素在羟基上发生了衍生化反应,引入了"-CONH2"基团;与原料蔗渣浆粕相比,在热裂解前蔗渣纤维素氨基甲酸酯存在更明显的小分子的热分解现象。     

超临界流体萃取脱除人参中痕量有机氯农药

The feasibility of removal of the organochlorine pesticides residues of hexachlorocyclohexane(BHC) from radix ginseng with supercritical CO2 was explored. Some factors, such as extraction pressure, extraction temperature, and kinds of co-solvents were investigated. The experimental results indicate that it is possible to reduce BHC residues in radix ginseng to the level of 0.1×10-6 with supercritical CO2 in the presence of suitable amount of co-solvent, such as water.     

苯氨基甲酸酯催化合成研究进展

综述了国内外苯氨基甲酸酯合成方法和催化剂的研究进展,重点阐述了近年来以苯胺和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)为原料,合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)催化剂的研究进展.同时对今后催化合成路线的研究和发展进行了讨论和分析,由苯胺和DMC合成MPC,副产物甲醇回收合成DMC,是零排放绿色工艺,其研究方向是开发出活性和选择性高的负载型催化剂.